In international trade, sanctions risk is no longer limited to dealing directly with a sanctioned company or country. A business may face serious exposure even when the immediate counterparty appears legitimate, the documents look professional, and the transaction is routed through a third country. Sanctioned goods may enter a transaction through intermediaries, altered documents, false origin declarations, transshipment routes, shell companies, substitute suppliers or hidden

In international trade, performance risk is one of the most important risks in a transaction. A buyer may fear that the supplier will not deliver the goods, will deliver late, or will deliver goods that do not meet the agreed specifications. A supplier may fear that the buyer will not open the required payment instrument, will fail to take delivery, or will not perform its contractual obligations. A Performance Bond is one of the instruments used to secure contractual perform

International trade is exposed to constant uncertainty. Exchange rates fluctuate, commodity prices move, interest rates change, freight costs rise, and political decisions can instantly affect the economics of a transaction. For trading companies, industrial groups, importers, exporters and investors, these fluctuations may turn a profitable deal into a loss-making one. Hedging is one of the tools used to reduce this exposure. However, hedging is not speculation. It is not de